What Do You Know About the History of MP3

In 1987, with a project named EUREKA project EU147, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), the prestigious Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen research center (a division of the German Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft firm) began researching high-quality, low bit-rate audio coding. Fraunhofer-Gesellshaft now owns the licensing and the patent rights to the audio compression technology that was developed, a technology better known as MP3. Dieter Seitzer and Karlheinz Brandenburg The inventors named on the United States Patent 5,579,430 for a digital encoding process, a.k.a. MP3, are Bernhard Grill, Karlheinz Brandenburg, Thomas Sporer, Bernd Kurten, and Ernst Eberlein but the two names most frequently associated with the development of MP3 are Karlheinz Brandenburg and University of Erlangen professor Dieter Seitzer. A specialist in mathematics and electronics, Brandenburg—who is often called the father of MP3—led the Fraunhofer research. Brandenburg had been researching methods of compressing music since 1977. Seitzer, whod been working on the quality transfer of music over a standard phone line, joined the project as an audio coder. In an interview with Intel, Brandenburg described how MP3 took several years to develop—and almost didnt happen at all. In 1991, the project almost died, he recalled. During modification tests, the encoding simply did not want to work properly. Two days before submission of the first version of the MP3 codec, we found the compiler error. What is MP3? MP3 stands for MPEG Audio Layer III—a standard for audio compression that makes any music file smaller with little or no loss of sound quality. MP3 is part of MPEG, an acronym for Motion Pictures Expert Group, which is a family of standards for displaying video and audio using lossy compression (in which random partial data is irreversibly discarded, allowing the remainder to represent a compressed version of the original). Standards set by the Industry Standards Organization (ISO), were launched in 1992 with the MPEG-1. MPEG-1 is a video compression standard with low bandwidth. The high bandwidth audio and video compression standard of MPEG-2 followed and was of adequate quality for use with DVD technology. MPEG Layer III or MP3 involves audio compression only. Fast Facts: History of MP3 Timeline 1987: The Fraunhofer Institut in Germany began research code-named EUREKA project EU147, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB).January 1988: Moving Picture Experts Group or MPEG was established as a subcommittee of the International Standards Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission or ISO/IEC.April 1989: Fraunhofer received a German patent for MP3.1992: Fraunhofers and Dieter Seitzer’s audio coding algorithm was integrated into MPEG-1.1993: MPEG-1 standard was published.1994: MPEG-2 was developed and published a year later.November 26, 1996: A United States patent for MP3 was issued.September 1998: Fraunhofer began enforcing their patent rights. All developers of MP3 encoders or rippers and decoders/players must now pay a licensing fee to Fraunhofer, however, no licensing fees are required to simply use an MP3 player.February 1999: A record company called SubPop was the first to distribute music tracks in the MP3 format.1999: Portable MP3 players make their debut. What Can MP3 Do? According to Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Without data reduction, digital audio signals typically consist of 16-bit samples recorded at a sampling rate more than twice the actual audio bandwidth (e.g. 44.1 kHz for Compact Discs). So you end up with more than 1.400 Mbit to represent just one second of stereo music in CD quality. By using MPEG audio coding, you [can] shrink down the original sound data from a CD by a factor of 12, without losing sound quality. MP3 Players In the early 1990s, Frauenhofer developed the first MP3 player—but it was a bust. In 1997, developer Tomislav Uzelac of Advanced Multimedia Products invented the first successful MP3 player, the AMP MP3 Playback Engine. Soon after, two university students, Justin Frankel and Dmitry Boldyrev, ported AMP to Windows to create Winamp. In 1998, Winamp became a free MP3 music player, which took the success of MP3 to a whole new level.

Ancient History and Culture

Essay on Thermal Energy Conversion - 1515 Words

The demand for an efficient renewable energy source is a driving force in ongoing research. Thermal energy conversion is one such potential source that is under constant investigation and has endless avenues of possibility. The two requirements of energy production are efficiency and renewability. Many possibilities exist for energy production including: Fossil Fuels (natural gas, oil, coal, oilshale), nuclear, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and wastes, hydroelectric. Efficiency of the use of these resource are directly related to the location and the demand in that location. For example Hawaii is a prime candidate for the use of the oceans mechanical wave action, the thermal gradient of the ocean, wind, and biomass from the high†¦show more content†¦There are three types of energy converters producing electricity: closed cycle, open cycle, and a hybrid system combining the previous two systems. Closed cycle OTEC systems use the warm surface water to boil a fluid that ha s a low boiling point (e.g. ammonia). The pressure caused by the expanding vapor is then used to turn a turbine. The turbine then turns a generator to produce electricity. Cold water is then used to recycle the vapor back to a condensed state and the cycle is repeated. An open cycle system directly boils the warm surface water. Operating at low pressure, the steam that is created is channeled in turn to a turbine engine. The water vapor is condensed again by cold water. If the condensed water is kept seperate from the cold seawater it can be used for consumption or agriculture. Other by-products produced by the open cycle OTEC are a variety of minerals. Both cycles produce electricity through the use of solar warmed water. Steam Powered Turbine Engine Capturing the power of steam is not a new idea but one that has been used for hundreds of years. A jet of steam can readily do work on an object by the jet propolsion effect of steam escaping through a small guided hole or by a stream colliding with a system of paddle wheels. Most early steam powered machines used the principles of the latter. The system of paddles, or turbine, was used to drive a shaft which in turn could drive any number of gear or belt driven mechanisms. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion689 Words   |  3 PagesOcean Thermal Energy Conversion Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes the natural temperature difference in tropical regions to generate electricity. The idea of using the ocean to generate electricity was proposed by a French physicist by the name of Jacques Arsene dArsonval in 1881. Georges Cluade who was one of dArsonval students, built the first OTEC power plant in Cuba. Cluade also built a second power plant in 1935 on a 10,000 ton cargo ship which was moored off the coast of BrazilRead MoreOcean Thermal Energy Conversion ( Otec )5190 Words   |  21 PagesOcean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is an energy innovation that changes over sun based radiation to electric energy. OTEC system utilizes the sea s regular warm angle the way that the sea s layers of water have diverse temperatures to drive a force creating cycle.Exploratory and legitimate studies have been carried out to center the qualities of the temperature andwater and the cool profound water varies by around 20 °C (36 °F) [1], an OT EC cycle can create a lot of force, with little effectRead MoreOcean Thermal Energy Conversion Is An Energy Technology1423 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion is an energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC systems use the ocean’s natural thermal gradient to produce power and fresh water. The OTEC process consist of pumping cold ocean water to the surface and using the temperature difference between this and the warm surface water to run a thermal engine to generate electricity. However, if you drop the energy production a bit fresh drinking water can be produced This can be very significantRead MoreThe Worlds Largest Solar Collectors And Energy Storage System1933 Words   |  8 Pageskind of energy source in our world and the ocean is a big part of one of thought energy source. The ocean makes up more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and it collects a lot of sun’s heat and energy. This will make it the â€Å"world’s largest solar collectors and energy storage system† and the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) will probably seems like a gre at tool to have [7]. This energy source works is by using the solar energy collected from the sun by the ocean and converting that energy into electricRead MoreEssay on Energy Resource: Tar Sands and Nuclear Energy1016 Words   |  5 Pagesother energy sources. The value of coal is higher due to the ability to get it easier and the fact that it produces gasoline, which is used for powering lots of things we use everyday. Although its been said that we may only use oil for 10 to 15 more years before we hit our peak, If it is conserved it can be used for many more. Even though I believe it isn’t going to be conserved and never will be, it is a possibility. (Oil Shale and Tar Sands Program, 2012) Part 2 Nuclear energy is the energy thatRead MoreEssay about The Rising Cost of Fossil Fuels1576 Words   |  7 Pageshave been our primary means of producing energy for the past 200 years. America total energy usage is relied to heavily on one source. In all of our endeavors of creating a society that facilitate any and all needs of its people, America is now facing a problem that will one day prove to hurt its citizens and future energy generation capabilities Cohen (2009). The problem is that the nation’s leaders have placed the source for the generation of these energies into fossil fuels. Fossil Fuels consistRead MoreTrends Of Energy Harvesting : Introduction1468 Words   |  6 PagesTrends of Energy Harvesting Introduction Wireless sensor network Wireless sensor networks are the networks that gather information such as environmental information, which there are numbers of applications of WSN such as healthcare, building monitoring, forest fire, smart home etc. WSN is capable of sensing, processing and communicating independently. However, as most of the sensor nodes are powered by non-rechargeable battery, the limitation of energy supply has considerably reduced the lifetimeRead More Solar Energy Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesSolar Energy What do the bubonic plague in the 14th century, the influenza epidemic of the early 20th century and the spread of HIV/AIDS in the late 20th and early 21st centuries have in common? One answer, according to Joel B. Stronberg author of the American Solar Energy Society’s â€Å"Common Sense,† is that they have all been called pandemics. According to Merriam-Webster.com, a pandemic occurs over a wide geographic distribution and affects â€Å"an exceptionally high proportion of the population.†Read MoreSolar Power Of Solar Energy Essay2018 Words   |  9 Pagesrest on bold initiatives of use of renewable source of energy. Solar technology is evolving, costs are coming down and grid connectivity is improving. The dream of universal access to clean energy is becoming more real. 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Unique memory Free Essays

Each individual has unique memory for oneself shared with no one else in the world. Such memory makes one different from others. Therefore I am curious to know what memory is. We will write a custom essay sample on Unique memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Right now I am Just a bundle of â€Å"memories† in my mind and body. Psychology defines it as a process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. But is memory limited to the define domain? If so, how do millions of atoms that could be flying through the cells randomly stay to gather in a double helix structure in order to create a DNA molecule in a way so that it is unique to every vying creature on earth? It is difficult to explain this without knowing how memory truly works. Memory must be evolving at a much deeper level,perhaps even from the physical level and could manifest into chemical, biological and psychological levels. Perhaps physics has an explanation. Memory could be more fundamental than physics, and as a result memory can help us understand physics better. This notion may drastically transform the way we have been looking at physical aspects of the universe. This shift In thought among physicist is because of their Inability to explain the random nature of elementary articles. KM (Quantum mechanics) the most successful theory In physics, can Just give us the probability to find a particle In a given location and time. The Idea that nature Is inherently probabilistic–that particles have only Likelihood, until they are observed– Is directly Implied by the standard equation of KM. This Is the central problem In KM. Element rejected this Idea by saying, † I am convinced God does not play dice†. He believed there must be some hidden variable or property of the particle that gives rise to such weird behavior. After nearly 100 years, a few physicist are at the verge of proving that there could be hidden variables associated with elementary particles. They call It â€Å"path memory†, because particles seems to carry the ‘memory† of the path they have traveled and the Interaction they have undergone along the path. Therefore two electrons that are Identical In terms of all known physical properties need no react to an experiment the same way because their path memories can be different. I can now say that atoms carrying unique combination of path memories stick together to form my DNA, defining who I am. Memory could be the basis and rolling of everything-Who knows, one day we might even prove that â€Å"empty space† Itself can hold memory. MEMORY By Capricorn been looking at physical aspects of the universe. This shift in thought among physicist is because of their inability to explain the random nature of elementary KM (Quantum mechanics) the most successful theory in physics, can Just give us the probability to find a particle in a given location and time. The idea that nature is inherently probabilistic–that particles have only likelihood, until they are observed– s directly implied by the standard equation of KM. This is the central problem in KM. Einstein rejected this idea by saying, † I am convinced God does not play dice†. Hidden variables associated with elementary particles. They call it â€Å"path memory†, the interaction they have undergone along the path. Therefore two electrons that are identical in terms of all known physical properties need no react to an experiment together to form my DNA, defining who I am. Memory could be the basis and origin of everything. Who knows, one day we might even prove that â€Å"empty space† itself can How to cite Unique memory, Papers

Classroom Discipline & Management

Question: Describe about the Classroom discipline management? Answer: Generally in the schools which have multinational students, faces the cultural diversity in the classroom. It reflects the behavioural diversity also. The teachers need to manage the class in the effective way which can be beneficial for all the students. The effective management can be helpful for the student to build up good relationships in between the students. The educators need to prepare the effective strategies to combat the issue. The students belongs to different culture and backgrounds so, the teacher requires to attentive to all of them with equal attention and equal respects to their culture. Firstly the teacher need to be aware of the cultural backgrounds of the students and must ensure that no one can violate the cultural values of other. One of the most effective strategies can be make grouping in the students. The students from different cultural background must be placed in a group. That process will help the students to understand the nature of cultures of other in small aspects. In this way they will learn to respect the dignity of other culture (Jones, 2015). If we consider the one class as one group then it will be too large for the students to accustom and they will make the cluster according to their cultural comfort and destroy the purpose of harmony of cultures in class room (Edward, 2010). The second strategy can be indicates towards the acceptance of each other culture. In this process the teacher can teach the student to take the good effects from others culture. This adaptation method will help to enhance the more health environment in the class room. For example, the students can celebrate the festivals of each other with same enthusiasm like they celebrate their own. In this way, it will increase the fun in the student and they start learning about the other culture also. This process will help to maintain appropriate harmony in the classroom (Emmer, 2012). Third strategy can be declared as family involvement. In the parent teach meeting the teachers must clearly express the importance to the family of the student to take a note on this matter which will help the student to learn the matters from their home. If the family help them to understand their responsibility, the students can react in the best ways. More over the teacher need to provide quality to all the students. The teacher can never be a biased person (Smith, 2015). Reply- 1: Reply one states the three strategies in this respect. Though the strategies are useful to some extent but there are some issues on that regard. But the third strategy in this regard is really helpful as because parents can take a good role in constructing the nature of child. Other two mentioned strategies are also appreciated if they can be implemented correctly.Reply-2: The second reply deals with process of managing students of different cultures. The teacher must provide potential attention to all the students according to their needs. This reply state that in past decades the trend is increasing for which the strategies need to be redefined according to needs of students. Reference: Edwards, C. H., Watts, V. J. (2010). Classroom discipline management. Emmer, E. T., Evertson, C. M. (2012). Classroom management for middle and high school teachers. Pearson Higher Ed. Jones, V., Jones, L. (2015). Comprehensive classroom management: Creating communities of support and solving problems. Pearson. Smith, T. E., Polloway, E. A., Patton, J. R., Dowdy, C. A., Doughty, T. T. (2015). Teaching students with special needs in inclusive settings. Pearson.

Surrealism Essays (907 words) - Modern Painters, Modern Artists

Surrealism As World War I came to an end, the Dada movement evolved into a new movement called Surrealism. This medium of art created a palette of purity and hope though automatism and use of dreams. The Surrealists strove for simplicity and spontaneity or as some called it, automatism. They wanted to answer the question how shall I be free? and to express thought without any tainted preconceptions. They believed automatism would reveal the true and individual nature of anyone who practiced it, far more completely than could any of his conscious creations. For automatism was the most perfect means for reaching and tapping the unconscious. (Stangos 125) This free style of expression, first used in literary circles headed by Andre Breton and then by painters like Max Ernst, Joan Miro, Salvador Dali and Ren? Magritte, upheld the Dadaist rejection of traditional forms of art. However, by portraying a field of unconscious thought and thereby, following an uncontaminated reality, the surrealists avoi ded the horrors of premeditated warfare and political, social and economic lies and injustices. Surrealist theorists found Surrealism to be: a certain point of the mind at which life and death, the real and the imaginary, the past and the future, the communicable and the incommunicable, the heights and the depths, cease to be perceived contradictably. Now it is in vain that one would seek any other motive for Surrealist activity than determining this point. (Stangos 134) By using one's unconscious mind, the imagination in a primitive state, (Stangos 126) Surrealism found a place where contradictory thoughts might not serve as dichotomies. Free of a socially constructed point of view or raison, a writer or artist travels to a place of thinking that is both irrational and rational at the same time. Through the unconscious or a highly sensitized state of mind, the surrealist brought forth a new manner of seeing and feeling the world as it was understood and negotiated by Western peoples. In its development, Surrealism celebrated the art of children, mad people and primitive art. The Surrealists believed in the innocent eye. They found that art produced by young children was more real than that produced by adults-- since the art of adults was usually repressed and contaminated. The Surrealists often played children's games like the one where each player draws a head, body or legs then folds the paper after his turn so that his contribution is not seen. The strange images that resulted provided Joan Miro and others with inspiration for works, such as The Harlequin's Carnival. (Stangos 127) In addition to this technique, Max Ernst, in 1925, began using a child's technique which led him in his direction of art for the next two decades. The technique was termed frottage, or rubbing. It involved placing a piece of paper over a textured surface and then rubbing it with a pencil to record the texture. Afterwards, the images produced would be rearranged and the results were new images and associations from these initial rubbings. These images would then go on to become inspiration and the groundwork for paintings and sculptures. Ordinary forms and objects were used to create art. The Surrealists saw an object and created art out of it because of the feelings that object inspired or what that object lent itself to be transformed into. In addition to the childlike innocence the Surrealist sought, looked into his dreams and into his childhood for ideas for his art. The Surrealists looked towards dreams because they believed dreams were thoughts and imaginations in the primitive state. Dreams were part of the unconscious, and the unconscious was untainted. In the beginning of the Surrealist period, artists used hypnotism and drugs to venture into the unconscious state to extract images, word and ideas. Andre Breton said that these images and feelings could not be had in the conscious state. Quite often, the Surrealists would create dream-like scenes and scenarios which would otherwise be impossible in the natural world. Salvador Dali once said the only difference between himself and a madman was that he was not mad. His paintings were often a bizarre and erotic dream world influenced by dreams and his fear of sex. Dali painted with a photographic like accuracy and used bright intense colors

Battling Cancer essays

Battling Cancer essays During a shower one-day, you notice a lump that was not otherwise there. The next day you see a doctor. The lump you have identified is diagnosed as cancer. Now you need to figure out what to do. There is no absolute cure for cancer, but there are different ways to treat it. Doctors use according methods like radiation, chemotherapy or drugs to treat various types of cancer. Another way of treating cancer is with alternative forms of medicine by using acupuncture and natural herbal remedies. These treatments are more often used in cases that can not be treated very or at all. However, when using the combination of the two treatment techniques, one can receive the full benefit of all available options. The medical profession is beginning to acknowledge and accept this idea of allowing alternative medicines in conjunction with traditional medicines to ease suffering as well as prolonging the lives of cancer patients. In order to make a decision on treatment for cancer, one must understand what cancer is and the current treatments used. Cancer starts when a cell ceases to function properly, mutates, and begins to multiply rapidly. A cancer cell has an abnormal chromosome which sends the wrong message to the other parts of the cell, which causes the cell to grow rapidly as it multiplies. These multiplied cells can form a lump called a malignant tumor, attack organs and organelles such as bone and bone marrow, or destroy tissue in areas like the lungs. All of these cases are referred to as cancer. Cancer knows no boundaries and plays no favorites; it can be found among people of all races and ages, both rich and poor, black and white, male or female. Cancer is a very serious disease many people live with. On average, about 1.2 million people are diagnosed with cancer every year. Cancer is not a contagious dis ...